Perhaps it is the pleasing sensation of sunlight on bare skin, but we are effectively programmed to think of summer as the best time for travel.

And yet… there is a school of thought which says that the much-loved period between June and September is not automatically the ideal moment for a break. And not just because the last two summers have witnessed excessive Mediterranean temperatures, and weather so hot that wildfires have strafed Greek hillsides. Some destinations simply look and feel more glorious, not in the dazzle of an August midday, but when the mercury slips downwards.

Must-visit European cities for winter

Cities especially. A busy metropolis can be a sort of hell in July; train carriages turned to sweat-boxes, tarmac sticky under foot. By contrast, winter can make some of our key capitals much more intriguing, beckoning visitors into museums, galleries and churches.

And some cities, quite specifically, work better in winter. The selection below, perhaps. These dots on the European map all have plenty to offer during August. But thanks to seasonal festivities, Christmas markets, or just the absence of crowds, each of them may be a more splendid proposition for travel once December and January come into focus…

Seville

When to go: November to March So warm is the weather in the Andalusian capital that winter only really passes through as a token gesture. You can expect high temperatures of about 20C in November and March, and nothing substantially colder in the interim. Indeed, there is an argument that Seville feels far more pleasant at the start of the year, having extricated itself from the mid-30s heatwave that holds it in its grip from June to September. Go in February instead, and the spectacular Setas de Sevilla – the latticework of giant wooden “mushrooms” that towers over Plaza de la Encarnación (setasdesevilla.com) – become an art installation from which you can appreciate the cityscape, rather than a big parasol beneath which to shelter.

Must-see The Alcazar (alcazarsevilla.org), the royal palace which remains the city’s most stylish reminder of Moorish rule. That the cooling effects of its marble walls and tinkling fountains are much less important in “the winter” does not lessen their elegance.

How to do it Stays at Hotel Casa 1800 Sevilla (hotelcasa1800sevilla.com/en) from $144 a night.

Birmingham

When to go: November and December Britain’s second city (calm down Manchester; take a seat Edinburgh) has done a fine job of improving its image since the turn of the millennium, and you might easily spend a long weekend in its company, ambling along its celebrated network of canals, or picking up something which glitters in the Jewellery Quarter (birmingham-jewellery-quarter.net).

However, that glitter intensifies at this time of year – as what is somewhat confusingly known as the Frankfurt Christmas Market (Birmingham is twinned with the fifth-biggest German city) takes over Victoria Square and New Street.

Yet if the name is a minor oddity, the event has become a major triumph, growing from a cluster of some 25 stalls when it was first held (in 2001) to what is now purportedly the largest festive market outside Germany and Austria, with more than five million visitors per year. Gluhwein, bratwurst, and small iced biscuits? Yes, all of those – until December 24 in 2025 (thebfcm.co.uk).

Must-see The market’s emblematic moose head – which is usually fixed to one of the stalls on Victoria Square. Remarkably, it manages to sing – and tweet (@thechrismoose).

How to do it The Grand Hotel (thegrandhotelbirmingham.co.uk) has rooms from $320 (£162) a night for select dates in December.

Berlin

When to go: December If you are old enough to remember the Wall through the heart of it, Berlin always feels like a winter city – the divided epicentre of the Cold War, whose weather fell into step with its geopolitical situation. Logic dictates that the German capital does indeed have a summer, when the Tiergarten is abloom opposite the Reichstag – but somehow, Berlin calls out more persuasively in those months when you need to pull your coat tight around you, trudging through streets where barbed wire once ran; where Bowie drew inspiration.

Of course, a long weekend in the city doesn’t have to be an exercise in retro-gloom. Not least in December, when you can scarcely move for the aroma of cinnamon and the sight of fairy-lighted Christmas stalls – on, for example, Potsdamer Platz and Breitscheidplatz.

Must-see Tempelhof (thf-berlin.de), the former Berlin airport which, 16 years after its final flight took off, has eased into retirement as an urban park.

How to do it A three-night stay at the five-star Hotel am Steinplatz, flying from Newcastle on December 5, starts at $1385 (£698) a head via Jet2 Holidays (jet2holidays.com).

Thessaloniki

When to go: December The wildfires and 40-something temperatures of the last two years may have made you reconsider whether the Greek summer is now a suitable window for a holiday. If so, the country’s second city could grab your attention in winter.

Whereas Athens looks its best in warm weather, the Parthenon shimmering in the heat haze on its Acropolis rock, Thessaloniki is a more complicated character. Its major landmarks – the sturdy slab of Ottoman masonry that is the White Tower; the Roman Forum sprawling dustily on Filippou Street – are more curios for interested travellers than obvious baubles for Instagram ubiquity. The bars of its trendy warehouse district Ladadika, meanwhile, make for evenings indoors, as much as outside.

In other words, Thessaloniki is an ideal candidate for an off-season mini-break, and December, when there is a Christmas tree in Aristotelous Square, is as good a time as any.

Must-see Kapani Market (kapani.gr), the food hub where, amid hanging meats and vats of olives, you realise that you are in the real Greece, rather than one of its holiday resorts.

How to do it A three-night stay at the four-star Modernist Thessaloniki starts at $809 a head (January 2025 rates), via Last Minute (lastminute.com).

Helsinki

When to go: December and January The Finnish capital is a place of seasonal extremes. Not of heat, but of light. In June and July – when, on each side of the solstice, the sun is high in the northern hemisphere sky – the day barely bothers to end. During December and January, it practically never starts.

And yet Helsinki summons all its powers of seduction to be at its most appealing amid the six or so hours of “sunshine” on offer in the depths of winter. If snow has fallen, the streets take on a reflective quality that somehow amplifies the meagre amount of natural light; the process boosted by the twinkle of man-made illumination. The effect is particularly striking on the main harbour, which has had something of a makeover in the last decade. Those who feel brave can absorb the whole scene from the hot saunas and cold shocks of the Allas Sea Pool complex (allasseapool.fi); those who think that sounds like utter madness can take in the same view from the adjacent Sky Wheel (skywheel.fi).

Must-see Helsinki’s Lutheran cathedral, the Tuomiokirkko (helsingintuomiokirkko.fi), could easily be an iced Christmas cake, especially with the city’s main festive market taking place at its feet – on Senaatintori square (November 29-December 22; tuomaanmarkkinat.fi).

How to do it Stay five nights at Scandic Grand Central Helsinki from $1178, including taxes and fees, via Luxury Escapes (luxuryescapes.com/au).

Venice

When to go: December to March No one would suggest that Italy’s formidable lady of the lagoon does not look beautiful in the summer – the sun dancing on the inlaid gold on the facade of St Mark’s Basilica; that wider Adriatic setting a deep and convincing blue. But my, La Serenissima is busy in that period. Five million tourists pay a visit every year – the vast majority in high season.

Visitors spend 1.3 million nights in the city every month between June and October. Make your pilgrimage later, though, and the picture alters – that figure more than halves to 610,000 in December. True, Venice is colder, but you won’t need to queue to enter its foremost church. And in the shadows in its passageways, it resembles what it always was: less a Renaissance theme park, more a medieval miracle.

Must-see La Fenice, Venice’s noble opera house, whose 2024–2025 season starts on November 20 (teatrolafenice.it). The latest programme includes performances of Verdi masterpieces Otello and La Traviata.

How to do it Stays at the five-star Ca’ Sagredo Hotel (casagredohotel.com) from $409 a night.

Vienna

When to go: January to March The Austrian capital has long taken the admirable stance that the rituals of Christmas do not have to be restricted to the solitary month of December. However, unlike the average British supermarket, it does not extend the season by draping itself in tinsel the moment October ticks around on the calendar. Instead, it injects a welcome blast of festive sparkle into the time when it is needed the most – the first three gloomy chapters of the new year.

Of course, Vienna looks like a fairytale – Cinderella, probably – even in summer, such is its melodic chorus line of former royal palaces (the Hofburg being the best example; see sisimuseum-hofburg.at) and gilded coffee salons (try the venerated Cafe Schwarzenberg; which dates to 1861; cafe-schwarzenberg.at). But the glass-slippers effect is most discernible in the long winter evenings, in the ice rinks that proliferate around the centre.

Must-see Vienna Ice World (wienereistraum.com), the enormous rink which arrives before Christmas (November 15-January 6 this festive season), but hangs around to dominate Rathausplatz – in front of the neo-Gothic whimsy of City Hall – when Santa has ho-ho-hoed back to the North Pole. In 2025, its second session will be from January 23 to March 2.

How to do it Stays at the five-star Leo Grand hotel (theleogrand.com/en) from $449 a night, for select dates in January to March.

Nice

When to go: February and March If it is a minor surprise to hear of Mardi Gras mayhem in the Canary Islands, it may be a greater shock to learn that the ticker-tape also swirls on the Cote d’Azur – where the Carnaval de Nice has been a source of pre-Lenten merriment since the year 1294. This two-week extravaganza also has plenty in common with Ipanema and Louisiana – and will run slightly earlier than its Tenerife counterpart this year; the 2025 event is scheduled for February 15-March 2 (full details at nicecarnaval.com).

Whether it makes Nice a more attractive city in winter probably depends on how much you enjoy a summer-evening stroll along the Promenade des Anglais. But the carnival is proof that there is more to this French hotspot than pricey cocktails and tiny beachwear.

Must-see The Colline du Chateau. That Nice’s dominant hill no longer has the castle its name promises (Louis XIV had it destroyed in 1706) does not diminish the majesty of the view.

How to do it Stays at the Splendid Hotel and Spa (splendid-nice.com/en) start from $192 a night for select dates in February and March.

Valencia

When to go: March Spain’s third-biggest city has had a terrible autumn, the floods which engulfed it at the end of October turning it into a very literal disaster zone. But it is also a doughty place, home to one of Europe’s most remarkable fiestas. So remarkable that, while it will undoubtedly be tinged with sadness, recent events are unlikely to shift the 2025 event from the diary.

A different beast to Mardi Gras, Las Fallas is both a celebration of the coming spring and a farewell to its seasonal predecessor, its roots buried in the medieval habit of carpenters clearing out their workshops as the cold and dark began to dissipate. Yet, where once it was scraps of wood being set alight, the modern logs on the fire are the many elaborate papier-mache sculptures – sometimes of unpopular politicians and overbearing celebrities, but often simply works of art – that decorate the heart of the city for the duration of the festival (March 1–19, with the crux between March 15 and 19). These are put to the torch on the chaotic final night; a pyromaniac’s dream where the sky glows orange.

Must-see The main square, Plaza del Ayuntamiento, and its mascleta – a daily (2pm, on all 20 days of the festival) barrage of firecrackers and explosives that makes the ears ring.

How to do it Stays at Petit Palace Plaza de la Reina (petitpalaceplazadelareina.com/en) from $249 a night for select dates in March.

The Telegraph, London

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